For every 1kg of air passing through the combustion chamber, 11kg of air pass bypass the combustion chamber.

GPWS is a central computer system that receives various data inputs on configuration, (radio altimeter) height/altitude and instrument landing system glide slope deviation and is able to alert the pilot when a dangerous situation is about to occur.

High lift devices increase the lift produced by a wing, allowing the aircraft to operate at lower speed ranges usually for take off and landing.

Forward motion forces air into the intake which is a convergent duct where it is compressed (causing a temperature rise).

Fuel is added and combustion takes place increasing the volume. The expanding gasses accelerate to the atmosphere through the exhaust duct nozzle producing a propulsive jet.

Yes, for safety you will need a V2 speed.

When considering a volume of air, adiabatic lapse rate is the temperature change that is caused by the vertical movement of the volume, andThe Lapse Rate is the rate at which temperature changes with height in the atmosphere.

The Environmental Lapse Rate (ELR) is according to ISA 2°C per 1000 feet increasing altitude.

For unsaturated air, the lapse rate is 3°C per 1000 feet, this is called the Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate (DALR).

The Saturated Adiabatic Lapse Rate (SALR) is the rate at which saturated air cools with height and is, at low levels and latitudes, 1.8°C per 1000 feet.

No, because if your critical engine fails at V1 you have to continue your takeoff roll, but because you’re under VMCG you are unable to maintain directional control.

Altimeter errors:

Instrument error Pressure error Time-lag error Barometric error

Departure is an east-west distance along a parallel line of latitude, other than the equator.

Departure is calculated by: Change of longitude(minutes) x cosine of latitude.

TAS will increase.